Bronchitis
It is a condition clinically defined as persistent cough with expectoration for at least 3 months to the year. Cough is caused by oversecretion of mucus.
Etiopathogenesis
-Most Common responsible factors are cigarette smoking and atmospheric pollution. As it impairs ciliary movements, Inhibits function of alveolar macrophages and leads to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands.
Morphological features
Grossly- The bronchial wall is thickened hyperaemic oedematous, Lumina may contain mucus plug.
Microscopically- histologically it is defined by increased Reid index, which is the ratio between the thickness of the submucosal mucus gland in the cartilage containing large airway to that of the total bronchial wall. The increase in thickness can be assessed by a micrometer lens. Bronchial epithelium show squamous metaplasia and dysplasia and chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate.
<< Back to COPD Emphysema >>
Leopold's Maneuvers or the Obstetric Grips are the movements or the actions carried out by an examiner during the abdominal…
There are 4 Chambers in a Heart, 2 superior chambers the atrium are the receiving chambers and 2 inferior ventricles…
The Heart is a vital organ in the human body that pumps blood and through the blood vessels transports oxygen…
Chorionic villi are the functional unit of the placenta which lies in between the basal plate or chorionic plate. After…
The placenta is a discoid shaped organ which is responsible for the exchange of waste and nutrient in between the…
Implantation means the attachment of the blastocyst with the endometrial wall. After the fertilization, blastocyst becomes differentiate into syncytiotrophoblast and…